黑馬之鞭：全球時代烏蘭巴托的城市發展願景
The Developing
Urban Vision of Ulaanbaatar
in the era of
Globalization
林正尉
Chen-Wei LIN
摘要
本文探討烏蘭巴托「發展」思維背後的不均衡空間生產矛盾，及該市「2030年願景」引發的擴張危機。近十年蒙古國內部形構經濟民族主義熱潮，運用其維持區域安全，謀求國際資助的外交形象，推動折衷式「地產引導發展」策略。本文將發展願景鑲嵌該國政治及外交脈絡中，建構一種特殊意義的亞洲都市研究。
作者回應三個問題：首先，1990年代蒙古民主化過程引動資本私有制，究竟跟隨都市規劃失靈，已產生何等危機？第二，因應劇烈氣候變遷，以「生態綠化」為治理口號的烏市，在國際金融組織協助下，是否加強「地產引導發展」可能帶來的不平等困境？最後，「綠色城市」願景是否為都市治理萬靈丹？「烏蘭巴托2020主要計畫與前進2030發展計畫」能否紓解上述壓力？
本文基於親身觀察，結合蒙古政府公開政策簡報、學術研究、政治評論等，與主流政策對話，描繪當今該國正處三線交會的「發展」路口：一、追求資本流通、空間權力壟斷和國際地位的「強治理」心態；二、改造自成吉思汗精神襲產的空間政治行動，有益「生態推土機」正當性；三、環境倫理高攀為經濟導向的民族主義，形塑新國家欲望。依此推展都市規模及社會關係再生產過程，不僅可以消弭公眾異議，亦是掩蓋行政效能過失的利器。
關鍵詞：烏蘭巴托、私有制、綠色縉紳化、緊湊城市、「烏蘭巴托2020主要計畫與2030發展願景」
Abstract
This paper discusses the unbalanced urban
contradiction behind Ulaanbaatar's “developmental” ideologies and the spatial
expansion crisis of “Ulaanbaatar 2020
Master Plan and Development Approaches for 2030”. Based
on first-hand observation, the author combines with the policy documents,
academic theses, and political criticisms, etc. to establish a mutual dialogue
with mainstream urban-developing imagination.
The term "developmental"
rhetorically connects “develop” with “mental”. The author responds to three perspectives:
First, what is the crisis of capitalist private ownership following the failure
of urban planning in the process of Mongolian democratization from the 1990s to
the present? Second, in response to the drastic climate change and international
financial supports, the slogan of "ecological greening" from
Mongolian authorities have been strengthened the dilemma of inequality by “stakeholder-led
development”. Third, can such the master plan be counted on relieving the
pressure above, or an "eco-city" panacea indeed for urban governance?
Briefly, this paper depicts the Mongolian
society today is led amid a "developmental" three-line intersection
crossroads, and by:
(1)
Promoting the capital flows, monopolizing the
space power and striving for a “strong-governance” mentality which can be
exhibited for international society;
(2)
Reconstructing and applying Genghis Khan's
legacies into city-design processes. A newly-required economic nationalism is manufactured
to be attractive and profitable to the legitimacy of “ecological bulldozer” ;
(3)
Connecting environmental ethics into the
nation’s desire, “the eco-friendly” icon may help build up a political status
way for gaining the international aided resources within the logic of
neoliberalism.
Keywords: Ulaanbaatar, private ownership, green
gentrification, compact city,
“Ulaanbaatar 2020 Master Plan and Development Approaches for 2030”
謝辭
2018年7-11月，由朱筱琪、高森信男和Gantuya Badamgarav策劃「IN/IS-Land：台蒙當代藝術游牧計畫」，讓筆者得以在10月前往烏蘭巴托進行田野調查。此外，Oyunbileg Dagvadorj一家人給予本文在郊區生活觀察極大協助﹔同年9月，黃麗玲副教授開設「亞洲城市的全球化」課程。她為本文帶來可貴的專業知識，不吝提供修改意見。
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